THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF ACIDS(soft drinks,venigar,lemon juice) TO SEA SHELLS,EGG SHELS AND BONES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In our everyday life,we used to eat foods and drink water to stay alive and healthy.But other people instead of drinfing water drink soft drinks and some other juices .Soft drinks and some other huices like lemon juice are acidic substances.

The word acid comes from the latin acidus meaning "sour".Strong acids and many concentrated acids are dangerous, causing severe burns for even minor contact. They are said to be corrosive. Generally, acid burns are treated by rinsing the affected area abundantly with running water (15 minutes) and followed up with immediate medical attention. In the case of highly concentrated acids, the acid should first be wiped off as much as possible, otherwise the exothermic mixing of the acid and the water could cause severe thermal burns.

Metabolic acidocis induces calcium efflux from bone and in the process buffers the additional hydrogen ions. Initially metabolic acidocis stimulates physicochemical mineral dissolution and then cell-mediated bone resorption. Acidocis increases activity of the bone resorbing cells, the osteoclasts, and dicreases activity of the bone forming cells, the osteoblasts. Osteoblastic immediate early responsegenes are inhibited as are genes controling matrix formation.

At between six and ten months of age, most infants begin to gt their "baby" teeth. The central incistors(front middle teeth) usually comes in first., and the teeth begin appearing on either side and work theirway back to the second molars. By the time a child has reached three tears old, most of the "baby" teeth should be present. The process begins to repeat itself when the child is about seven years old.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the effect of acids like venigar,soft drinks, and lemon juice in the bones,egg shells, and sea shells.

Specially it sought to answer the folowing aspects of the problem:

1.)What is the effect of soft drinks to the bones,egg shells and sea shells ?

2.)What is the effect of venigar in bones,sea shells, and egg shells?

3.)What is the effect of lemon juice in bones, egg shells, and sea shells ?

HYPOTHESIS

It is possible to determine the effect of acids such as venigar, lemon juice, and soft drinks in sea and egg shell, and in bones.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There are already many invented drinks here in our country. But unfortunately, many of these drinks are acidic that induces calcium efflux from bone. It is for this reason that the researcher conducted this study to determine the effect of acids in bones specially in our teeth.The succes of this study would not only benefit a number of people but also help them in choosing drinks that are not harmful. This will also give information to the researchers who want to make a follow-up study on this study.However , no one could predict that the result of this study wouldserve as the stepping stone for the researchers to discover drinks that are not harmful to our bones. The result this research might usher in the era or practical and less harmful drinks for our own health.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study was limited only to ghe effect of the three kinds of acids to bones,sea shells, and egg shells. Other kins of acidic drinks are not used on this study. Thre meaning of acids provides us knowledge of its effects. However, the properties of acids are not determined in this study.The effect of some acids are not used to test its effect due to inavailability of materials. Also the researchers was not able to use some materials to be tested.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Acid - comes from the latin word acidus meaning " sour" .

Strong acids - strong acids are dangeruos acids, they are corrossive.

Metabolic acidocis - induces calcium efflux from the bone in the process buffers the additional hydrogen ions.

Tooth - basically made up of two parts. The crown and the root, four different tissues made up the tooth. The enamil, dentin, nerve , and the bone.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus meaning "sour," but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. In chemistry, an acid (often represented by the generic formula HA [H+A-]) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7.0. That approximates the modern definition of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry, who independently defined an acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to another compound (called a base). Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries). Acid/base systems are different from redox reactions in that there is no change in oxidation state. Generally, acids have the following properties:

Taste:Acids often taste sour
Touch: Strong or concentrated acids often produce a stinging feeling on mucous membranes
Reactivity: Strong acids react aggressively with or corrode many metals
Electrical conductivity: Acids, while not usually ionic compounds, are electrolytes
Acids turn moist blue litmus paper red

Acording to the wikipedia, tooth is basically made up of two parts: the crown and the root. The crown is what you see when you smile or open your mouth. It's the part that sits above your gumline. The root is below the gumline. It makes up about 2/3rds of the tooth's total length. Four different tissues make up each tooth. The enamel is the durable, white covering. Enamel protects the tooth from the wear and tear of chewing.
Dentin supports the enamel on your teeth. It's a yellow bone-like material that's softer than enamel and carries some of the nerve fibers that tell you when something is going wrong inside your tooth.
The Pulp is the center of the tooth. It's a soft tissue that contains blood and lymph vessels, and nerves. The pulp is how the tooth receives nourishment and transmits signals to your brain.
Cementum is what covers most of the root of the tooth. It helps to attach the tooth to the bones in your jaw. A cushioning layer called the Periodontal Ligament sits between the cementum and the jawbone. It helps to connect

Some researchers concluded that, cola may be a relatively innocent victim of its reputation. A recent study shows that other sodas, sports drinks and even lemonade appear to have a more corrosive effect on tooth enamel.But, dental experts agree, that's no reason to ditch the drinks you love.The study, published in the Journal of The Academy of General Dentistry, showed other drinks are 6 to 11 times more corrosive than cola.In order, with the most corrosive first, they are: lemonade, energy drinks, sports drinks, fitness water, and commercial iced teas. Cola "brings up the rear" on this list.